OPINION
Vijay Kranti* condemns China’s criticism of the first international conference on the Sixth Dalai Lama of Tibet – which was held in Arunachal Pradesh recently – as a baseless justification of its colonial annexation of Tibet exposed by the scholars who attended it.
Beijing’s angry reaction to recently concluded international conference on “Cultural and Historical Significance of HH 6th Dalai Lama Gyalwa Tsangyang Gyatso” has once again exposed China’s colonial mindset and its guilt conscience on Tibet. Three days after the four-day Tawang conference which had concluded on 6th of December, the Chinese government posted its reaction on its official ‘China Tibet Online’ site under the aggressive title of “Erosion of Sovereignty Under the Guise of Culture: Debunking India’s Absurd Face in Zangnan, Southern Part of Xizang”.
The title itself reflected President Xi Jinping’s desperation to whitewash China’s sins in colonized Tibet and to place a veneer of respectability over it expansionist plans in South Asia. It was an all-in-one attempt to make the world community to forget China’s colonial occupation of Tibet and change its historically established name to his favoured Chinese name ‘Xizang’ (Just like what China did to ‘East Turkistan’ by renaming it as ‘Xinjiang’ in 1949); to further fortify his claims over India’s Arunachal Pradesh by stating that it is nothing more than a ‘Southern’ part of Tibet’; to dilute Arunachal’s Indian identity by imposing a new Chinese name, ‘Zangnan’, on it; and for showing his contempt against the conference by calling it an ‘absurd farce’.
Knowing President Xi’s obsession with claiming Arunachal as part of China, one was not surprised to see this Chinese commentator, identified only as ‘Yujie’ in the footnote, referring to India’s most popular North-Eastern state as the ‘so-called’ Arunachal Pradesh and its democratically elected and popular leader as its ‘so-called’ Chief Minister. Rather than developing his/her case in a logical manner, this Chinese commentator starts with the claim that India is pursuing a strategy to consolidate its illegal territorial occupation of ‘Zangnan’ through what it calls ‘cultural encroachment’.
In a later part of the commentary, this commentator attempts to fortify China’s claims over Arunachal Pradesh merely on the ground that the 6th Dalai Lama was born in Tawang. Ironically, this simply means that any place where a Dalai Lama is reborn in future will automatically become a Chinese territory. One should therefore expect that if present 14th Dalai Lama’s next incarnation is born in Delhi or Washington, then China would lay its territorial claims over that capital city too.
During one of my visits to Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and those Tibetan regions which were usurped into adjoining Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Qinghai and Gansu following Chinese occupation of Tibet in 1951, I was amused to watch a TV promo in my hotel room which was about a new Chinese mega TV serial on Genghis Khan. It was the same Mongol king who had occupied and enslaved China and many other countries of Asia and Europe to establish the vast Mongol empire which ruled over China for 488 years (1206 to 1634). To my shock, and amusement too, the promo loudly announced Genghis Khan as a “Great Son of China.” Later, as it happened, Beijing tried to persuade many countries to telecast this Chinese TV serial, but it was rejected by most of international TV networks. The only exception was the Turkish TV. No wonder China’s new communist historians claim the Mongol rule as the Chinese one and are laying claims over all those areas in Asia and Central Europe as ‘lost Chinese territories’ which were once ruled by the Mongols.
This Chinese communist art of rewriting history to achieve some immediate political goals was once again at its best when the Chinese edition of ‘Tintin in Tibet’ was published in 2015. Originally written and published by the famous Belgian author and cartoonist Herge, the Chinese renamed the title of the Chinese language edition as ‘Tintin in China’s Tibet’. No wonder the widow of Herge refused to participate in the much advertised book launch ceremony.
A good reason why China is so angry and frustrated over the Tawang conference is that even though this conference was jointly organised by a group of local Buddhist organisations – namely the Thubten Shedrubling Foundation of Tawang and the Centre for Cultural Research and Documentation, Naharlagun under the auspices of the Department of Karmik and Adhatmik Affairs of the State Government of Arunachal – it was also supported by the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC). The IBC was launched in 2010 by the Indian government to push back China’s attempts to usurp the international Buddhist leadership as the ‘Buddhist Super Power’ of the world. Since 2004, China’s ‘World Buddhist Forum’ (WBF) has organised at least six international Buddhist congregations which hosts about a thousand leading Buddhist gurus and scholars each time from across the world. These congregations have been given more importance and momentum since Xi Jinping took over as China’s superman. It is interesting to note that not only in the spiritual Buddhist matters, but also on the commercial front of material goods related to Buddhism, China has organised more than 20 editions of its ‘Xiamen International Buddhist Items and Crafts Fair’ since 2006. This has resulted into near total monopoly of China in the world market of goods used in Buddhist temples and homes across the world.
An interesting highlight of China’s WBF congregations is that while the Dalai Lama, the supreme Buddhist Guru of Buddhism has been regularly kept out of these events – just because he lives in exile in India and Beijing condemns him as a ‘splitist’, the Chinese government has been presenting Gyaltsen Norbu, its puppet ‘Panchen Lama’, as the ‘senior most Buddhist leader of the world’. Gyaltsen was installed as the 11th incarnation after the previous Panchen Lama in 1995 after Chinese police arrested Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, the six-year old Tibetan child whom the exiled Dalai Lama had formally acknowledged as the ‘real’ incarnation of the deceased 10th Panchen Lama. Since then, the Chinese government has consistently refused to respond to requests of various western Parliaments and human rights groups like the Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch to share information about the safety and whereabouts of Gedhun and his parents.
However, even if China has been trying to present Gyaltsen Norbu as the ‘real’ Panchen Lama and the ‘supreme Buddhist leader of Tibet’, the Tibetan people under the Chinese rule have refused to accept him as their real Guru. Rather, he is despised by ordinary Tibetans as ‘Gyami Panchen’ (Chinese Panchen) and ‘Panchen Zuma’ (Fake Panchen). Recent news from Tashi Lhunpo monastery of Shigatse, the supreme seat of the Panchen Lamas in Tibet, revealed that Chinese authorities used police coercion and cash doles to bring ordinary Tibetans to attend Gyaltsen’s sermons.
On the other hand, the participation of a large number of historians and other experts in the Tawang conference proved quite helpful in clarifying many issues related to the controversies related to the life and personality of the 6th Dalai Lama. Most experts agreed that Tsangyang Gyatso was quite different from other Dalai Lamas. While wearing both hats as the supreme spiritual leader and temporal master of Tibet, most other Dalai Lamas placed more emphasis on their spiritual practice and teachings than their worldly and physical comfort, the 6th Dalai Lama believed in living a more free private life. As an accomplished poet, he composed a number of poems and love songs which presented a refined amalgam of love and spirituality. Many of his poems would remind Hindi readers of the famous poet Dr. Harivansh Rai Bachchan for his famous path breaking long poem ‘Madhushala’(meaning: the wine club). While many critics initially condemned him for writing poetry to promote alcohol and alcoholism, it was much later that the audience realised the symbolism of the passage to the pub as the path to ‘Nirvana’ and spiritual enlightenment.
The 6th Dalai Lama’s songs, addressed to his imaginary lover woman and also about wine are very popular among the people across Tibet even today. It is believed that he used to escape from his magnificent Potala Palace in capital Lhasa to the wine pubs in the lower Shol village. Interestingly, it was mainly because of the writings of some western Christian missionaries like Ippolito Desideri in 1830s and the two-volume anti-religion novel titled ‘Mahaguru’ by the German radical writer Karl Gutzkone which generated the 6th Dalai Lama’s image as a monk who loved wine and women more than his spiritual duties. The negative image of this supreme religious Guru of Tibet and the Tibetan system was further painted black by the German communist thinker Karl Marx who used ‘Mahaguru’ as his authentic source of information about Tibet to write his leading article in no. 179 edition of the German newspaper ‘Kölniche Zeitung’. In this article he cited the institution of the Dalai Lama of Tibet as an example of totalitarian theocracy representing God on earth. The case of the 6th Dalai Lama is a good example of how the colonialists of Europe in previous centuries used the Christian Church and its missionaries to paint Asian, African, North American and Latin American societies as ‘uncivilised’ and ‘barbarian’ to justify their colonial exploitation and other inhuman colonial acts in these countries.
Interestingly, many researchers presented their own perspectives and findings in this conference about the life, works and history of the 6th Dalai Lama who was born on the 1st of March, 1683, in Tawang and identified as the incarnation of the 5th Dalai Lama in 1685. However due to the Regent Desi Sangay Gyatso’s decision to keep the death of the 5th Dalai Lama wrapped in secrecy for 15 years Tsangyang was formally enthroned only at the age of 14 following his secretly guarded upbringing at Tsona, a famous monastery of Tibet across present day India-Tibet border along Arunachal Pradesh. The real controversy and confusion which still prevails is about his life after Lhazang Khan, the Mongol chieftain appointed by the Mongol king Qosot Gushri Khan, deposed the 6th Dalai Lama on 27th June 1706 and ordered sending him to China under Mongol-Manchu captivity.
As per one version of history, Tsangyang was killed at Drepung near Lhasa when a large crowd of Tibetan lamas tried to rescue him. Another version is that he escaped in the melee and lived an underground and incognito life as a roaming saint who travelled across Tibet, Nepal, China and finally to Mongolia where he died 40 years later in 1746.
In an interesting and detailed presentation at this conference, Ms. Sangseraima Ujeed, a Professor of Tibetan Buddhism at the University of Michigan, gave details of how, after his escape from Drepung in Tibet, Tsangyang Gyatso finally arrived in Mongolia and spent his life, focused at his spiritual enlightenment and public teaching and died as a legendary spiritual master who is still revered in Mongolia.
Arunachal Chief Minister Mr. Pema Khandu’s inaugural comments at the conference that people of Arunachal Pradesh are proud of the close association of Tawang with two Dalai Lamas only ended up rubbing salt over China’s injured ego over this event. He reminded the participants that not only the 6th Dalai Lama was born in Tawang but the 14th Dalai Lama also entered India through Tawang when he escaped from Chinese occupied Tibet in 1959. In addition to giving a new facelift to the 6th Dalai Lama’s ancestral home in Tawang, the Chief Minister also announced the establishment of a special museum in Tawang to present a detailed visual and textual history of Gyalwa Tsangyang Gyatso and his family.
What adds to China’s worries about the recent Tawang conference is that the participation of a large number of Buddhist religious Gurus and scholars from internationally reputed institutions and countries as wide as India, Tibet, USA, Japan, Mongolia, Israel, Canada etc and the international attention it received is bound to weaken China’s case in its claims over Arunachal Pradesh. Also the successful organisation of this conference in Tawang is going to further fortify Arunachal’s place in India’s Buddhist legacy.
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* Vijay Kranti is a veteran Tibet-China watcher and Chairman, Centre for Himalayan Asia Studies and Engagement. He can be contacted at v.kranti@gmail.com